Históricamente considerada un pilar de prestigio nacional, la educación pública atraviesa un ajuste sin precedentes y se convirtió en el sector más afectado del Estado, según un informe de ejecución presupuestaria de la Confederación de Trabajadores de la Educación (CTERA).
“Hay una política deliberada para que el Estado deje de hacerse responsable de la educación, tanto en escuelas como en universidades”, advierte Sonia Alesso, secretaria general de CTERA.
El informe identifica desmantelamiento de programas, prórroga del presupuesto por segundo año consecutivo, licuación de partidas por inflación y salarios docentes atrasados sin convocatoria a paritarias.
Mientras el ajuste promedio en todas las partidas estatales fue del 31,1% real respecto de 2023, en Educación y Cultura alcanzó el 46%, solo superado por la obra pública paralizada. Además, la inversión proyectada para 2025 será apenas del 0,77% del PBI (en 2023 fue del 1,44% y en 2024 del 0,85%).
El golpe es más duro en áreas sensibles: los programas de educación obligatoria caen casi 70% y la infraestructura escolar 72,3%. “Estamos viviendo una desintegración paulatina del sistema educativo”, resume Javier Curcio, economista de la UBA y referente de Argentinos por la Educación.
Docentes y estudiantes sin horizonte
El deterioro repercute también en la formación docente. La matrícula en profesorados cayó un 50% desde 2023. “Disminuyó a la mitad el número de personas que estudian para ser docentes, desplazados por bajos salarios, estrés laboral y pérdida de prestigio”, señala Alesso.
El desmantelamiento del Instituto Nacional de Formación Docente (INFOD), que ofrecía cursos y posgrados, profundizó el retroceso. “Además de la explotación, ajuste y deslegitimación, desmantelaron el INFOD”, agrega la gremialista.
Los estudiantes también perciben un futuro cada vez más condicionado. Según Flavio Buccino, docente y especialista en gestión educativa, los resultados de la prueba PISA reflejan baja expectativa de los adolescentes sobre su porvenir, con un pesimismo más marcado en Argentina. “Muchos creen que estarán peor que sus padres, rompiendo el antiguo paradigma de progreso intergeneracional”, advierte.
A esta visión se suma la cultura del éxito inmediato promovida por influencers y traders, que desalienta la idea de esfuerzo sostenido. “Sin un Estado que actúe como contrapeso, crecen prácticas como las apuestas y el juego online”, señala Buccino.
El discurso oficial y la escuela
La crisis económica se complementa con un clima social crispado que se traslada al ambiente escolar. Para Alejandro Castro, director del Observatorio de Convivencia Escolar de la UCA, el discurso oficial también impacta: “Cuando el discurso cargado de odio o discriminación proviene desde lo más alto del poder, impacta directamente en las escuelas. Funciona como un aprendizaje social: los chicos ven cómo se insultan en el Congreso, en la televisión o incluso desde la presidencia, y terminan naturalizando esa violencia”.
Los datos confirman esa tendencia: 6 de cada 10 alumnos dicen sufrir agresiones y 4 de cada 10 discriminación, aunque el 90% afirma que en la escuela “se está bien”. Para Castro, esto refleja una naturalización preocupante: “Se ha instalado la idea de que la violencia es parte de la cultura escolar, cuando en realidad el clima de convivencia es el factor más determinante de la calidad educativa”.
Metas incumplidas y mínimos históricos
La Ley de Financiamiento Educativo fija un piso del 6% del PBI para garantizar igualdad de condiciones, pero esa meta se abandonó hace años. En 2023 la inversión llegó al 5,2%; con el esquema actual caerá al 4,4% en 2025, un mínimo histórico.
“No hay paritaria y se incumple con el FONID, que actualizado significaría $114.000 por cargo. Desde que asumió Milei no se pagó en todo el año, lo que implica una deuda de un año y medio y una caída salarial superior al 20%”, explica Alesso. Según la gremialista, los sueldos docentes no alcanzan la canasta alimentaria.
Las consecuencias son concretas: obras paralizadas, jardines inconclusos y edificios precarios. “Mientras el mundo discute inteligencia artificial, en Argentina no tenemos recursos ni para construir escuelas”, opina Alesso.
Curcio agrega: “Un recorte del 10 o 15% ya sería grave; hoy hablamos de caídas salariales superiores al 30% y de un ajuste global arriba del 40%. Aunque las instituciones siguen funcionando, porque la sociedad y las clases medias aún sostienen ciertos resortes, este esquema es prácticamente insostenible y el riesgo de decadencia crece día a día”.
Programas en retroceso
La reducción alcanzó a todos los programas nacionales, desde Conectar Igualdad hasta capacitación docente y construcción de escuelas. La única excepción parcial es el Plan Nacional de Alfabetización, que tampoco logra efectividad: “No hubo entrega de libros el primer año y aun con licitación muchos no llegaron a tiempo. Llegarán tarde y mal, cuando ya se cubrió gran parte del calendario escolar”, critica Buccino.
En este contexto, Curcio concluye: “Muchos docentes abandonan la profesión o soportan sobrecarga de tareas, mientras que los jóvenes ya no ven atractivo apostar a una carrera sin futuro. Lo poco que quedaba de movilidad social ascendente se está desmoronando. Y el costo de no invertir en educación es mayor que el de hacerlo, porque está probado que la desinversión multiplica la pobreza”.
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